Computer Vision In Bad Weather.

PC Vision In Bad Weather. Saswati Rakshit Point: To exploit awful climate in estimation of profundity of a scene from its picture. As in terrible climate environment balances unique data of a picture to the eyewitness so dependent on observation,we create model strategies for recuperating scene properties(e.g. 3D structure,depth and so forth). Degree/Application: PC Vision is generally utilized in different fields now a days. It is utilized in Optical character acknowledgment: Technology to change over checked docs to text Face detection,Smile discovery: Many new advanced cameras currently identify faces and grins. observation and traffic checking. Picture to a 3D model : transforming an assortment of photos into a 3D model Google Self driving Car utilizes PC vision for separation estimation Presentation : Vision and Atmosphere: Typically in great climate we accept reflected light goes through air without attenuation.so it is expected brilliance of a picture point in the scene will be same.But because of barometrical scattering,absorption and emanation light power and shading are modified. Here our principle thought is on dissipating. Awful weather(Particles in space):- climate condition vary in type and size of particles and their fixation. Air (particle): dispersing because of air is negligible Murkiness (vaporized): cloudiness is sure to impact perceivability. Haze (water bead): Fog and cloudiness has comparable origins.but fog reaches out to elevation of a few miles while mist is scarcely any hundred feet thick. Cloud is available in high height. Downpour and snow the two impacts in picture. Here our primary thought is on cloudiness and mist since they show up in low elevation when contrasted with cloud. Instruments of air dispersing Dissipating is subject to molecule size and shape.small particles disperse similarly in forward and backward,medium size molecule disperses more forward way and huge molecule disperses all forward way. In nature particles are isolated from one another so they dissipate independently.i.e. try not to meddle others.but In various dissipating a molecule is uncovered occurrence light as well as light dispersed by different particles. Single dispersing capacity can be composed as follows I(à¨,ÃŽ »)=E(ÃŽ »).ÃŽ ²(à¨,ÃŽ ») (1) Where E(î ») is all out episode transition on the volume per unit cross segment territory I(ãâ ¨,î ») is transition emanated per unit strong point per unit volume of medium and ÃŽ ²(ãâ ¨,î ») is the precise dissipating coefficient Targets: To distinguish impacts brought about by awful climate that can be gone to our advantages.understanding weakening and airlight model that is useful to quantify profundity maps of scenes without making suspicion about scene properties or the environmental conditions. Framework stream: Here our principle objective is to evaluate profundity and shaping 3D of a scene in awful climate condition. For this reason we utilized Two diverse dissipating model 1) Attenuation model 2) Airlight model Presently first we have utilized weakening model and In this model picture is taken at night.so ecological enlightenment are negligible. To evaluate profundity of light sources in the scene from two pictures taken under various air conditions. What's more, applying distinctive scientific equation utilized in constriction model we can register relative profundity of all sources in the scene from two pictures taken under two diverse climate condition. Close to work with airlight model we need pictures in day or when ecological enlightenment can not be ignored.that is picture of a scene is affected via airlight. In the wake of choosing the 2D picture we apply numerical recipes of airlight model and contrasting the force of scene point profundity can be effortlessly estimated a 3D reproduction of that scene is likewise conceivable. Mathmatics And Description: Lessening Model We realize that light emission that movements through climate can be constricted by scattering.and the radiance(intensity) diminishes if pathlength increments. Lessening model created by McCartney is summed up beneath In the event that a pillar going through a little sheet(medium) of thickness dx, power dissipated by the sheet can be composed as follows I(à¨,ÃŽ »)=E(ÃŽ »).ÃŽ ²(à¨,ÃŽ ») dx [it speaks to dispersing in Ãâ ¨ direction] Presently all out motion dissipated toward all path is gotten by coordinating over whole round sheet φ(ÃŽ »)=E(ÃŽ »).ÃŽ ²(ÃŽ ») dx - (2) fragmentary change in irradiance at area x can be composed as follows: - (3) By incorporating both side of eqn(3) between limits x=0 and x=d we get E(d,)= - (4) Where I0(î ») is the power of the point source and d is the separation among object and observer’ Some of the time lessening because of dissipating can be communicated as far as optical thickness which is T= [here is steady over flat path] Here eqn (4) gives direct transmission which we get in the wake of evacuating dissipated transition. Airlight Model Here environment carries on as wellspring of light.environmental enlightenment has a few light sources including direct sunlight,diffuse lookout window and light reflected by the ground.In airlight model light force increments with pathlength thus obvious brilliance increments. In the event that the article is in interminable separation the brilliance of airlight is most extreme and brilliance of airlight for an item directly before the spectator is zero. To portray the geometry of that model,first we have to consider natural light along the observer’s view is thought to be consistent however heading and force is obscure. Let the cone of strong edge dï‰ subtended by a receptor at onlooker end.and shortened by the article at separation d. This cone among spectator and item disperses natural brightening toward observer.so it goes about as airlight(source of light) whose splendor increments with pathlength. So the little volume dV at separation x from eyewitness is dV= dï‰ x2 dx Presently the power of light episode on dV is dI(x,)= dV k = dï‰ x2 dx k †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(5) presently light disperses in dV.so irradiance it produces at onlooker end is dE(x,) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(6) [also given in eqn (4)] Presently we can discover brilliance of dV from its irradiance as: dL(x,) = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(7) by subbing (5) we get, dL(x,)= presently we will discover absolute brilliance of pathlength d from eyewitness to question by coordinating the above articulation between x=0 to x=d L(d,)= k (1-) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(8) On the off chance that d =∞ the brilliance of airlight is most extreme L(∞,=k So , L(d,)= L(∞, (1-) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(9) Estimation of profundity utilizing Attenuation Model: In this model picture is taken at night.so ecological brightening are negligible thus airlight model isn't chosen.At night splendid purposes of picture are ordinarily road light,windows of lit rooms.In starry evening these light sources are obvious to spectator in most brilliant and most clear structure yet in awful climate condition the force decrease because of constriction. We will probably evaluate profundity of light sources in the scene from two pictures taken under various climatic conditions. Here picture irradiance can be composed utilizing eqn(4) as: E(d,)= g (10) [g is optical parameters of camera] In the event that the finder of the camera has unearthly reaction s(î »),he last picture splendor esteem is E/== (11) We know phantom data transmission of camera is constrained so we can expect as steady. What's more, we can compose, E/=g=g I/(12) Presently on the off chance that we take picture in two distinctive climate condition for example in mellow and thick haze then there will be two diverse dissipating coefficient. Let it will be ÃŽ ²1 and ÃŽ ²2.now in the event that we take proportion of two coming about picture brilliance we get R== - (13) Utilizing characteristic log R/=ln R= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(14) This proportion is autonomous of camera sensor addition and force of source. Actually it is just contrast in optical thickness(DOT) of the hotspot for two climate conditions. Presently in the event that we register the DOT of two diverse light source and take the proportion we decide relative profundities of two source areas So we can compose, = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(15) Since we may not so much trust the DOT figured for any single source.so above computation can be made progressively strong = †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..(16) [here we accept to discover the power of a solitary source pi,which is at separation di from observer.so to ascertain its relative profundity from different sources we have to figure profundity of all wellsprings of the scene upto a scale factor] The principle objective of utilizing this model is to process relative profundity of all sources in the scene from two pictures taken under two diverse climate condition. Estimation of profundity utilizing Airlight Model: Around early afternoon or daytime in thick cloudiness or haze or gentle haze most noticeable scene focuses are not lit up and airlight effects.airlight makes power increment when separation increments. Here we consider a solitary airlight picture and attempt to figure 3d scene structure by estimating profundity signs. Let,a scene point is at separation d and produce airlight brilliance L(d,).if our camera has otherworldly reaction S( The brilliance estimation of that scene point is: E/(d)= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(17) Subbing it by eqn (9),we get E/(d)= †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬?

For the Greater Good of the Community The Chorus and the Importance of the “City-State” in Oedipus Rex - Literature Essay Samples

As a kind of collective character onto itself, the Chorus in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex assumes multiple functions and qualities that, together, effectively blur the lines between the private and public spheres of the drama. Evidenced in the text by their roles as observers and instigators, as well as social commentators, and then in the film-version of the play by their strong physical omnipresence and claustrophobic-like staging, the members of the Chorus represent the proverbial â€Å"village† (or Thebes, the â€Å"city-state†), privileging not the sanctity of the self, but the interest of the greater good. Ultimately, by pointing to the religious-ritual roots of the drama, it is this village/city-state role that legitimates Oedipus’ eventual exile, casting it as a good sacrifice vital to the preservation of the community. One of the ways in which the members of the Chorus in Oedipus Rex assert the supremacy of the community over the self, thereby embodyin g the notion of the â€Å"city-state,† is by acting as both attentive bystanders and active promoters of the events in the play. As the eyes, ears, and voice of the citizenry, the Chorus-as-city-state is a keen observing-body that main characters depend upon to summarize recent plot developments. For example, in Scene II, when Queen Iocastà ª first learns of the heated exchange between Oedipus and Creon, she demands of the Chorus, â€Å"First, tell me what has happened† (The Oedipus Cycle, 36). In a slightly less straightforward manner, the Chorus in Ode I also fulfills this important summarizing function by restating the prophetic dilemma at the center of the play’s emerging tragedy: â€Å"The Delphic stone of prophecies/Remembers ancient regicide/And a still bloody hand/That killer’s hour of flight has come† (25). Thus, the main players’ and audience’s reliance on the Chorus to recapitulate important events, reinforces the value o f its by-stander function. Although this position as â€Å"collective eyewitness† alone conveys a sense of the Chorus’ strong significance to the play, its members effectively expand the scope of their important â€Å"city-state† role by moving beyond mere spectatorship, to actively complicate and shape the course of the drama. For example, there are several moments in Oedipus Rex when the Chorus (or Choragos) makes observations that advance the progression of the tragic story. For example, in the beginning of the play, when Oedipus is wondering how to identify the murderer responsible for the plague befalling Thebes, the Chorus quickly suggests consulting Teiresias: â€Å"A lord clairvoyant to the lord Apollo/As we all know, is the skilled Teiresias/One might learn much about this from him/Oedipus† (15). Although Oedipus had already sent for Teiresias (i.e. prior to hearing these comments), it is through the expository vehicle of the Chorus’ remar ks and first-ever mention, that the pivotal figure of the seer is introduced into the play. However, the Chorus also provides insights that counsel or motivate characters to take preferable, wiser courses of action. For example, in Scene III, Oedipus learns that he is not the biological son of his father, King Polybus, but in fact an infant orphan discovered by a local Corinthian shepherd. When questioning the identity of the shepherd, demanding that these confusing matters finally be â€Å"made plain† (56), the Chorus answers Oedipus’ challenge: â€Å"I think the man he means is that same shepherd/You have already asked to see. Iocastà ª perhaps/Could tell you something† (56). Because the Chorus’ suggestion that Iocastà ª might have more information prompts the King to question his wife, the Chorus is here serving as the very impetus for character behavior, provoking actions whose consequences will prove central to the story’s climax and ultim ate conclusion (i.e. the disclosure of back-story details). Furthermore, this response recapitulates (and reinforces) the significance of the Chorus’ observer status, framing it as somehow distinct and superior to the limited capabilities of the main characters. Because Oedipus cannot link past and current story points, or recall the directives he has just issued (â€Å"I think the man he means†¦You have already asked to see†), it is evident that his abilities to see and think clearly have been compromised, perhaps by the damaging confluence of his passions and pride. By contrast, the Chorus successfully makes the correlation, thus demonstrating the kind of preternatural intuition, or capacity for logical reasoning, King Oedipus lacks. An additional element of the Chorus’ complex bystander/instigator role, highlighting the paramount importance of the community (and thus further substantiating this overall â€Å"city-state† representation), is the un canny ability of the Chorus members to foreshadow future events. For example, in Scene III described above, Iocastà ª sees no positive benefit or purpose to Oedipus’ continuing an investigation into his birth. When her husband refuses to cease his inquiries, she leaves the stage in anger, prompting the Chorus to muse, â€Å"I fear this silence;/Something dreadful may come of it† (57). As confirmed by the falling action of the play, this statement is significantly prophetic, forecasting both the full disclosure of Oedipus’ true birth origins, and then the Queen’s subsequent suicide. Therefore, the Chorus’ foretelling capacity underlies the notion that even an individual’s most intimate revelations are understood first by the public, and are therefore matters of community, rather than personal, interest. In this way, the Chorus upholds the importance, the primacy, of the city-state over the individual. This essential hierarchical pitting is evident, also, in the social commentary the Chorus presents throughout the play Another mode by which the Chorus in Oedipus Rex strengthens its representational role as the â€Å"city-state, reaffirming the preeminence of the public over the private, is by acting as the social consciousness of the play. Frequently, the Chorus comments upon the actions and decisions of the primary characters, cultivating an air of constant judgment or critical ubiquity. More than simply highlight the shortcomings of the main characters, however, the Chorus abstracts these faulty qualities, erasing their close association to the individual by placing them within a larger social context. In other words, the Chorus’ commentary reflects a concern not for how these flaws impact each character, but rather how they might affect the well-being of the city-state. For example, members of the Chorus reprove Oedipus for the pride (hubris) and anger he exhibits as elements of the tragic back-story unfold. In the first Scene, after Teiresias reveals that Oedipus is the very â€Å"pollution† (19) or contagion responsible for the plague on Thebes, Oedipus refuses to accept this truth, calling Teiresias a â€Å"decrepit fortune-teller† (21). Instead, he exalts his ability to have solved the Sphinx’s riddlea task in which all other men had failedthereby casting himself as the savior of Thebes. Therefore, his pride manifests itself not only in his disbelief of the gods (on whose behalf Teiresias speaks), but in the brazen celebration of his distinct, admirable qualities as grounds to invalidate Teiresias’ words. Oedipus’ anger surfaces when he accuses Teiresias of conspiring with Creon, suggesting that Teiresias’ claim is simply part of this grand plot. In response to this brash display, the Chorus comments, â€Å"We can not see that his words or yours/Have been spoken except in anger, Oedipus/And of anger we have no need. How can God’s/w ill/Be accomplished best? That is what most concerns us† (22). Therefore, as a kind of collective social consciousness, the Chorus does not meditate or focus on Oedipus’ pride and anger as they relate to him specifically, nor does it regard these emotions as objects of his sole possession. Rather, Oedipus’ hubris belongs to the public, and is of importance, worthy of the Chorus’ attention, precisely because it threatens the possible salvation of the afflicted city-state. By contextualizing personal drama within matters of broader social concern, the Choral Ode is another method by which the members of the Chorus act as social commentators that privilege the greater, communal interest. Through the call-and-response interplay between its Strophe and Antistrophe, the Choral Ode stages the moral and theoretic debates at the center of Oedipus Rex. As a kind of solo-performance for the Chorus, the Odes are the most significant, eloquent, and compelling expressi on of the concerns and questions the Chorus wishes to consider. Therefore, they are the key channels through which the Chorus delivers its social commentary, allowing the members to speak of the actions of the main characters in ways that relate back not only to the communal good, but to the larger themes of the play. For example, Ode II presents the Chorus as once again contemplating the issue of pride, a quality Oedipus has (fatally) exhibited throughout the narrative. However, the Chorus seems to ponder the notion of pride on a far more abstract level, divorced from the specific character of the King. Specifically, in Antistrophe 2, the Chorus concludes: Zeus, if indeed you are lord of all Throned in light over night and day, Mirror this in your endless mind: Our masters call the oracle Words on the wind, and the Delphic vision blind. (47)Here, the Chorus worries that if the kind of pride that Oedipus (one of its â€Å"masters†) personifies ultimately trumps Fa te (rendering, â€Å"the Delphic vision blind†), then perhaps gods do not rule or determine the course of mankind. In this case, life is not guided by some overseeing force, but is instead subject to the fickle whims and caprice of a fallible humanity. Therefore, in Ode II, the Chorus discusses pride not merely as a matter unique or confined to King Oedipus’ personal experience. Rather, it engages the problem of pride on a larger scale, as the basis for one of the play’s broader investigations: the debate of the power of man over the power of the gods. In this way, the Odes devalue the concept of the â€Å"self,† and reinforce the Chorus’ â€Å"city-state† representation. That the Odes punctuate and interrupt the â€Å"main† narrative of the drama, indicates how the structure of Oedipus Rex stresses the Chorus’ constant presence. This presence is further reinforced through the crowded, tight staging of the film-version of the p lay. The Chorus’ omnipresence in Oedipus Rex is another narrative and theatrical vehicle by which the drama undermines the self and privileges the community (or city-state). As a moral reference point and source of critical commentary, the Chorus’ influence is pervasive. However, they are also a ubiquitous physical form. Chorus members consistently remain on the stage while other characters come and go. In this way, the Chorus implicates itself in the play’s setting, suggesting that it is the permanent backdrop against which the play is unfolding. The result is an oppressive, steady appearance whose claustrophobic-like effect is best captured in the film of the play. In the video version, the members of the Chorus inhabit the same stage as the primary characters, thus reducing the surface area of the theatrical arena, and manifesting the fundamental lack of division between the private and public spheres. They emulate the specific actions of the main players, ph ysically recapitulating the idea these individuals, these members of royalty, are not entities in and of themselves, but simply subsumed members of the greater political corpus. For example, in Scene III of the play, Iocastà ª prays to Apollo, imploring him to cleanse Thebes and relieve the city from the tortures of plague. During this scene in the film, she is surrounded (overcrowded) by the members of the Chorus, who imitate her particular hand movements as she offers her sacrifice (the sweeping of her arms, the clasping of her hands, etc.). Therefore, not only do they echo Iocastà ªÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s gestures, but, by virtue of their large number, the members of the Chorus seem to overpower and co-opt the Queen’s very character. Therefore, the Chorus removes the â€Å"personal† element from Iocastà ªÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s moment of appeal, and renders the instance of prayer a necessary public event. In so doing, it exacts both an effacement, and a handicapping, of the self. Reinforcin g the sense of claustrophobia evoked by the Chorus, its members’ crowding of the sage, their narrow, tight placement, reduces the â€Å"breathing room† that would afford main characters full expression of their personas. Therefore, the cumulative effect of the Chorus’ â€Å"cinematic† depiction is, once again, a general renunciation of the self that exalts the community, and thus legitimates the assertion that the Chorus embodies the â€Å"city-state† in Oedipus Rex. Greek drama has its roots in ancient religious rituals that concern the cycles of nature, or the changing of the seasons. As an attempt to exert a kind of â€Å"human magic† upon the natural world, these rituals sought to correct a disruption in nature through a necessary sacrifice. As seen specifically with the ritual of the â€Å"scapegoat,† this sacrificial subject was a paragon within the village, the â€Å"best† the community could offer the gods. With the sa crifice of this idealized human form, society would be cleansed and concordance with nature restored.Oedipus represents this very figure, the kind of man, the mythic tragic hero, whom Northrop Frye identified as superior in â€Å"kind† to other men. A sort of â€Å"scared monster,† he is a virtuous King who nonetheless embodies an evil so wicked, it has triggered a profound disturbance of the natural order. In Oedipus Rex, that evil has translated into the plague on Thebes, suggesting that the King holds the heart of the city, its sickness and possible salvation, within his own self.In this way, Oedipus is the State. He and the people of Thebes are one in the same, a relationship Oedipus recognizes every time he insists the public (the â€Å"Chorus†) hear the latest developments of the unraveling story. Also, he seems to intuit the necessity of his own purification â€Å"sacrifice,† demanding that Creon cast him into exile at the end of the play. Theref ore, by representing the Theban city-state, the Chorus foreshadows Oedipus’ ultimate expulsion, legitimating it as the only possible means for the restoration of peace and order. However, by pointing to the religious-ritual basis of the play, the Chorus also reinforces the inextricable relationship between Oedipus and the State, describing an important component of the democratic process, and introducing a theoretical debate (the question of the power of man vs. the State vs. the Gods) that will persist throughout The Oedipus Cycle.

Abandonment of Religiosity A Glance at Jewish Law and Law...

Jewish Law is considered to be Divine Law due to its direct influence from God. God handed over a set of laws to the Jews and left it to adapt and flourish with them. They followed these rules, but in time they became obsolete which forced them to intervene and change the laws to better suit their society. Rabbinic judaism evolved as the philosopher king of interpreting the Hebrew Bible. These interpretations formed the Talmud. Although the interpretations were much like opinions on what the Bible said, they became universally accepted as law. Rabbi’s argued for centuries over which interpretation was better. A few notable Rabbis emerged like Rabbi Maimonides and Rabbi Joseph Karo. With large build ups and further outdated laws, Joseph†¦show more content†¦It included mainly discussions on law (halakah), but also included some stories of Jewish tradition. The next step of interpretation by the rabbi’s was done when the Talmud was created. The Talmud consists of two parts: a commentary done by the second generation rabbi’s on the Mishnah, called the Gemara, and the Mishnah itself. The emergence of the Talmud initiated a whole to way of study for the Jews. Since the Talmud was so in depth and complex, there was a lot more to study and interpret for themselves. However, with its complexity, debate arose. At this point there were so many hands in the pot that many started to argue over who was right and who was wrong. Authority within the rabbinic community was very dependent on how the rabbi chose to voice his own opinions in his interpretation. Jewish studies had become political. The rabbis of the Greco-Roman period evolved the notion that Bible and everything in it was no longer God’s. They said that the Bible was not in heaven anymore, thus God had no authority over what the Bible contained. God had handed it over at Mount Sinai. This gave then rabbi’s even more authority over their interpretations. The connection fo r Jews to God had then changed. They were no longer looking up to God, but instead to the Rabbi’s and the Talmud. Divinity in Jewish culture was forever fading from this point on. C. Rabbi Maimonides The Jews in the Greco-Roman Period left behind the Talmud (Babylonian and Palestinian) as well as

The Art of Persuasion by the Hakluyt Cousins - 1184 Words

It is quite understandable for a person persuading others of an action, to inflate the outcome of that action in the hopes that they will agree to participate. The Hakluyt cousins had persuasion down to a science and when they released their writings about colonization, they did more than just persuade. The Hakluyt’s brothers proclaimed outcomes that to humans in the 21st Century appear to be solely unrealistic wishes. With their statements about the undiscovered riches or the flourishing trade to be established it is not surprising to think that these reasons were not valid, but like Hakluyt the younger intended, the â€Å"Inducements† and â€Å"Discourse† they wrote were mere justifications and blueprints. The cousins never promised wealth or any other form of riches they merely focused on the commodities they believed would be available. Opponents of the Hakluyt brothers believe they were unjust in their reasons for colonizing because their statements were ba sed on desires, not facts. While it is true that some aims of the Hakluyt’s were unrealistic, the cousin’s arguments for colonizing were more than valid because the Hakluyt’s provided economic arguments that were within England’s reach and completely feasible, they inspired religious compromise, and they provided the nation protection through the creation of jobs and a Navy. During the mid-1500’s, England was in turmoil and the Hakluyt cousins provided economic hope for the country. There were many arguments that drove the

Ben Jonsons Masques free essay sample

Analyzes four courtly entertainments of 17th Cent. poet. Pageantry, form, purpose, dance, story line, characters, action, antimasques. Ben Jonson was the leading writer of courtly masques, the hybrid entertainments, part poetry and part spectacle, that flourished at the courts of James I and Charles I. Jonsons principal innovation in the genre was his development of the antimasque. The antimasque was an opening section of the performances featuring slightly relaxed decorum and providing a contrast with the elevated tone of the masque proper. To be acceptable, a formal innovation as important as the antimasque had to meet a great variety of demands that Jonson and his audience placed on this fragile art form. Though they were undeniably meant as entertainment, masques were designed to praise the sovereign, to confirm the legitimacy of the existing social order and to teach aristocratic audiences by entertaining them. It was a highly artificial and almost ephemeral form in

What Is Curriculum free essay sample

According to Portfolio, more than 120 definitions of the term appear in the professional literature devoted to curriculum, presumably because authors are concerned about either delimiting what the term means or establishing new meaning that have become associated with it (as cited in Marsh, 2009). They range from basic definitions, What we actually teach (Schmoozer, 2011) to more complex and multifaceted definitions. Leslie O. Wilson writes: Anything and everything that teaches a lesson, planned or otherwise.Humans are born learning, thus the learned curriculum actually encompasses a combination of all of the below the hidden, null, written, political and societal etc Since students learn all the time through exposure and modeled behaviors, this means that they learn important social and emotional lessons from everyone who inhabits a school from the Janitorial staff, the secretary, the cafeteria workers, their peers, as well as from the deportment, conduct and attitudes expressed and modeled by their teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Curriculum? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As cited in Wilson, 2005) Although there are various definitions of the term, it must be recognized that auricular encompasses more than a simple definition. In spite of its elusive character, it is the writers opinion that curriculum is the set of prescribed guidelines mandated by a school, college, district, or state on what is deemed important for a student to learn in any given academic subject area. These guidelines are then used as the criteria for the completion of a certain level of education.This portion of the definition is especially relevant for high school and collegiate curriculum as the completion of the guidelines result in the acquisition of a degree, diploma, or artifice. It is also the writers opinion that curriculum consists of the total learned experiences one has inside and outside a given stage of academia. The first definition represents more of what curriculum actually is in schools today and the latter, what curriculum should include.In an attempt to defend the definition, it is important to look at both parts separately. With the current push toward common core state standards throughout the country, states are attempting to streamline what is taught in schools. The idea is that if everyone is consistent in what they are caching, all students will be equally prepared for college and the workplace. This translates to the development of a set of guidelines that are deemed most important for a student to learn. According to N. E.Stators, The majority of definitions given, however, tend to see curriculum as a document consisting more or less of the general aim, objectives, content, methodology, and methods of evaluation of an educational process (Stators, 2006). We have also seen this since the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (2001). Guidelines were set to schools and districts molded their curriculum to meet these guidelines. While many agree with the main concept of the act, some view these guidelines as unrealistic. Critics also argue that the act limits many schools curriculum development by only focusing on reading and math, giving the impression that the other subjects are not The second definition emphasizes that curriculum deals with the as important. Total learned experiences in and outside the school or institution. According to Allan Orenstein and Francis Hunks, curriculum deals with the learners experiences. By this definition, almost anything planned in or outside of school is part of curriculum (Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). This theory lends itself to a more flexible curriculum, where educators and students have more freedom in the direction the curriculum goes. A. V. Kelly also supports this theory and defines curriculum as the totality of the experiences the pupil has as a result of a provision made (as cited in Stators, 2006). As stated earlier, it is the writers opinion that this is the direction in which curriculum should move toward.The writer believes in avian structure in terms of what is taught but there is also a need for teachable moments which provides teachers and students with leeway to explore academically. Currently, curriculum is seen by many educators as a check list of learning objectives that must be completed in preparation for a particular assessment. Larry Cuban and Baffle Cohn say that, Certain subjects, such as reading and math, are emphasized at the expense of subject matter that has moral, creative, and emotional value (as cited in Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). Although there is retreat value in the creation of standard curriculum guidelines, there is also great value in an organic and creative learning process. Teachers and students both benefit when they have the freedom to explore and create their own learning paths using a standard curriculum as a guideline. Ronald Doll states, Every school has a planned, formal acknowledged curriculum, but it also has an unplanned, informal and hidden one that must be considered (as cited by Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). Orenstein and Hunks further explain that, The planned, formal curriculum focuses n goals, objectives, subject matter, and organization of instruction; the unplanned, informal curriculum deals with psychopathology interaction among students and teachers, especially their feelings, attitudes, and behaviors (Orenstein Hunks, It would be an understatement to say that curriculum has many 2013, p. 9). Definitions.

Sister City Program Dalian and Oakland Cities

Sister City Program Dalian and Oakland Cities Introduction In the international system, the idea of sister city program was established in 1958, even though little emphasis was placed on international trade and economic cooperation. In the mid 1960s to early 1970s, the focus shifted on economic, trade, and cultural cooperation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sister City Program: Dalian and Oakland Cities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was attributed to the increased participation in the plan by Chinese and Japanese cities, which were considered some of the best places to conduct business in the world owing to the massive business opportunities and expansive markets. Chinese cities, including the Dalian city, are taking part in the program due to China’s official entry into the World Trade Organization in 20011. China’s decision to join the sister city program is motivated by the special features, which are relevant to the American- Chinese relations. The main aim Dalian and Oakland cities is to engage in economic cooperation, which in their context means an obligation to augment financial and commercial interests in the two cities on a reciprocally beneficial terms. The two cities perceive the sister program as a centre or preliminary level for the establishment of a wider system of joint engagements (memoranda of understanding). The cooperation of the two cities is a prove that business and cultural and business practices in China are gradually changing in a way consistent to the western practices. However, the cultural practice of guangxi, popularly referred to as the personal networks, is one of the major impediments that are usually considered when designing policies that would govern the relations between the two cities2.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the United States, the idea of sister cities was brought into light by the former president, Dwight Eisenhower. His statement signified that the major objective of the sister city program was to encourage durable developmental networks in terms of communication, which would automatically reduce conflicts and misunderstandings. This paper analyzes the cooperation between Oakland city situated in California and Dalian city in China. Major Negotiations The major negotiations between the two cities entail education and culture, which have led to the establishment of additional negotiations related to business connections. The city of Oakland have established negotiations aiming at strengthening ties between universities, which is one way of strengthening cultural ties3. The Liaoning Normal University in China is one of the institutions of high learning cooperating with the Oakland city to strengthen cultural ties between the Oakland city and Dalian city. Furthermore, the chambers of commerce of both citi es are under negotiations to strengthen business connections, which would definitely strengthen economic development between China and the United States.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sister City Program: Dalian and Oakland Cities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 2004, the chamber of commerce in Oakland city and the chamber of commerce in Dalian city signed an agreement that would enable them cooperate in matters related to conducting exchange programs in business, which was meant to generate business development in the two cities. The companies in Oakland city would move to China in partnership with the Dalian entrepreneurs to open up joint business that would open up Dalian city to the global investors. The role of the Oakland companies was to stimulate trade by leading as an example to the local companies. A delegation of Oakland city’s professionals have been visiting the Dalian city each ye ar to evaluate the effectiveness of the trade agreement signed in 2004. Through the cooperation of the two cities, string links have been established in the field of food processing, monetary services, and automotive trade. Culturally, the two cities have negotiated a deal that would allow American trade mission participants to return home with massive knowledge of the Chinese market and vice versa. American firms have been performing dismally in China due to the differences in culture between the two countries. Understanding the behavior of the market is one of the strategies that would help a company or an organization to outdo others in the market. Therefore, the city of Oakland came up with a plan that would enable American investors to participate in cultural shows and programs in China to help them understand the Chinese market. The American investors have come to the realization that it would take them time to learn and understand the Chinese culture. In this regard, the city of Oakland came up with a program to facilitate easy flow of trade, without considering cultural differences4. In the Dalian city, students from Oakland have an opportunity of interacting with their follow students at the Missouri State University branch.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that the two cities have allowed their universities to negotiate over the possibility of establishing branches in the two cities. The interactions are vibrant because they promote future business connections. Liaoning Normal University and Missouri State University operate jointly a business program at the Missouri University in Dalian city5. Chinese students are encouraged to pursue a course in business with supervision from the Missouri State University. It is established that the corporate culture of Chinese and Americans is very different. The combination of the two corporate cultures would be beneficial to students and business executives. In 2005, the two cities negotiated a deal that would see Chinese students learning English language, a program referred to as the English Corner. Similarities between Dalian City and the Oakland City Dalian city was given full authority to operate as an independent city given its potential and ability to expand. It was to serve a s a coastal open-up city, with a separate economic plan introduced in 1985, whose decision-making authority would come from the provincial headquarters. The urban population of the city is over fifty-seven percent implying that it has a good market for the finished products, given the fact that urban people spend differently from those living in rural areas. The city has favorable environment for investment, with an average temperature of less than 11 decrees. It has one of the reliable airports in the region, which serves both local and international citizens. Dalian Zhoushuizi Airport is situated at northwest of the town center6. It has direct flights to the mainland Chinese towns, as well as flights to other major international cities, including Seoul, Hong Kong, and Osaka. In the recent past, the economic strength of the two has gone up, with an approximated GDP growth of 257 billion Yuan. Since 1996, the city has experienced a growth in the growth domestic product. Industrial g rowth is approximated to b 21 billion Yuan. In other words, the growth of the city is ever growing as indicated by the GDP indicators. The city has experienced massive growth in agriculture, trade, tourism, and processing. In sports, the city has attracted various investors and sportsmen, which has boosted the economic growth of the city. The city has one of the greatest natural harbors, which has helped it in attracting investors and tourists. The harbor does not slit. It does not freeze either. Investors in the northern China region, as well as other investors from various parts of Asia rely on the harbor. The city is also rich in culture given the fact that Chinese paper cuts considered rich in content. People from the region believe that auspicious designs are the sign of luck. The designs are also known to keep the devil at bay. Other designs, such as the child, lotus, and bottle gourd are believed to represent the presence large families. The city engages in various economic a ctivities, including domestication of birds, rearing of livestock, and fish keeping. These activities have boosted the growth of the city. Oakland city shares a lot with the Dalian city in China. Just the way Dalian city is depended upon on many things, Oakland city is also valued in the US because it is considered the seventh developed city in the country7. A report released by Forbes Magazine placed Oakland city at number ten as the best city to invest. The population of Oakland is favorable to business because the average age of population in the city is 25 percent. The temperature of the city can be compared to that of Dalian because it is also favorable to business and tourism. Many investors and tourists prefer the city because it has cool weather for business. Oakland International Airport is similar to Dalian Airport because it serves very many people from domestically and internationally. For instance, the Oakland Airport served 13.5 million passengers and 0.6 million tons of cargo in 2003 alone. The 2003 airport passenger data shows that the city is a major hub for international businesses and tourists. Oakland boosts of a bay area while Dalian is well known for its harbor. This implies that the two cities have been able to grow due to their proximity to the sea. The bay area is usually relied upon in terms of information technology, biotechnology, and investment. In fact, other cities are fighting so hard to be like Oakland city meaning that it serves as an example to other cities in the US. The city is endowed with young talented labor force, developed real estate business, strong administration, and developed infrastructure. This has attracted investment and tourism. The port of Oakland is among the largest in North America in the world. The port serves many states in the US and other neighboring countries. The city is compared to Dalian city because they both influence transport in their respective regions. Just as Dalian city boosts of rich work s of art and design, the city of Oakland is also known for its internationally acclaimed Museum, which has an excellent Babylonian style roof. The museum is dedicated to promoting natural sciences and history. Any information regarding the city of California can easily be retrieved from the museum’s database. One of the publishing firms, Prentice Hall, rated the museum the best in the country. This has strengthened the ties between the city and other cities in the world. International Trades International refers to the exchange of goods and services between or among investors from different countries. The Oakland city and the Dalian city are involved in various international trades, including inter-firm trade, intra-industry trade, and intra-industry trade. It should be understood that all forms of international trades entail importation and exportation of goods and services. The two cities are seriously engaged in importation and exportation of finished goods and human labor . However, the modes of importation and exportation of goods are different since entry of goods and exit of goods in a country is controlled by the state due to security reasons. The two cities engage in intra-industry trade because goods produced exported to the city are similar to those produced in the same city. Intra-industry trade means that an investor orders goods from another country, which are similar to what are produced locally. This has been advocated to boost the production and quality standards of goods produced in the two cities. In the United States, goods produced locally are usually expensive due to the costs involved in producing them. For instance, food produced locally is extremely expensive because of the costs related to labor and importation of raw materials. Similar goods are cheaper when imported from China because the cost of producing them there is very low. The city of Oakland imports automobiles from China because they are cheaper when compared to those produced in the country. Similarly, the city of Oakland exports food to China because the production of food in the US is cheaper8. Regarding intra-firm trade, the city of Oakland has entered into trade agreements with Chinese firms to produce goods with similar standards as those produced in the city. The same case applies to the Dalian city, which has various outlets in Oakland producing goods that are similar to those manufactured in Dalian city. The Oakland city exports materials to the Dalian city while investors in the Dalian city import unfinished products from Oakland city. This is inspired by the fact that the two cities differ in terms of technology9. A product manufactured in Oakland may demand that a certain special skill or machine is imported from Dalian city. Instead of importing labor and machinery, it would be cheaper to export the raw material. It is the role of the commerce chambers of the two cities to agree on the modalities of importing and exporting goods. Ma intaining Relationships The existing economic and cultural cooperation between the two cities can only flourish if a strong conflict resolution mechanism is established. The main conflicts that would probably derail the cooperation between the two cities are related to trade, such as unfavorable balance of trade whereby one of the cities would perceive that it is not reaping maximally from the relationship. In this regard, it is the responsibility of the cities’ managements to ensure that conflicts are resolved before they escalates into something complex that would impede the relationship of the two cities. In the current international system, the major challenges include the security problem, which has been complicated by the terrorist organizations and Islamic extremism. The 9/11 incident showed that terrorism and extremism are the major threats to world business and cooperation. The two cities cannot coexist in case they do not come up with ways of stemming out terrorism because they are all affected. Terrorism is one of the challenges referred to as the global common because no state is safe as far as the activities of terrorism are concerned. Cooperation between the two cities could be brought to a halt in case they do not address the issue of terrorism. In this case, they should consider formulating policies that would be applied in the two cities. This is mainly because terrorists can take advantage of the free movement of goods and people to exercise their heinous acts of terrorism. If security prevails, the two countries will continue cooperating, but if something related terrorism occurs, they will have no option, but to cut their cooperation. Another issue that the two cities need to address in order to further their relations is the issue of trust, understanding, and civilization. They have to come up with clear policies that would govern their relations as regards to investment because Chinese investors have always complained that their Am erican counterparts are given undue advantage because they are favored by the organization in charge of trade in the world (WTO)10. Lastly, the two states can do well economically if they realize that global financial crisis is a threat to their cooperation. Future International Business Projects Through research, it is established that the two cities have great future in case they maintain their cooperation. However, they have to do more in order to boost their cooperation in the future. They have to come up with joint business projects to facilitate their growth. The two cities should come up with a taxation system that would be applied uniformly within the borders of the two cities because it would encourage investors to shift freely from one city to the other. Moreover, they should enact business laws that favor investors in the two cities. Investors from the two cities should be involved in the designing of laws to prevent any complaints in the future. Bibliography Bagwell, Bet h. Oakland: The Story of a City. Novato: Presidio Press, 1982. Eltschinger, Cyrill. Source Code China: The New Global Hub of IT Outsourcing. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2007. Haft, Jeremy. All the Tea in China: How to Buy, Sell, and Make Money on the Mainland. New York: Penguin, 2007. Jessen, Gene. The Powder Puff Derby of 1929. New York: Sourcebooks, 2009. Lippincott, Jonathan. The World is flat. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2006. McKnight, Tom. Geographica: the Complete Illustrated Atlas of the World, 3rd revision. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2001. Perrins, Robert. Great connections: The creation of a city, Dalian, 1905–1931. Quebec: York University, 2005. Siegelman, Stephen. Trader Vics Tiki Party! Oakland: Ten Speed Press, 2005. Tramble, Thomas, and Wilma Tramble. The Pullman Porters and West Oakland. New York: Arcadia Publishing, 2007. Ulrich, Allan. â€Å"Oakland Ballet Company review: Witty and eclectic.† San Francisco Chronicle 3.1 (2011): 29- 65. Footnotes 1Jonathan Lippincott, The World is flat (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2006), 37. 2Tom McKnight, Geographica: the Complete Illustrated Atlas of the World, 3rd revision (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2001), 19. 3Stephen, Siegelman, Trader Vics Tiki Party! (Oakland: Ten Speed Press, 2005), 78. 4Allan Ulrich, â€Å"Oakland Ballet Company review: Witty and eclectic,† San Francisco Chronicle 3.1 (2011): 35. 5Robert Perrins, Great connections: The creation of a city, Dalian, 1905–1931 (Quebec: York University, 2005), 15. 6Cyrill Eltschinger, Source Code China: The New Global Hub of IT Outsourcing (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2007), 39. 7 Gene Jessen, The Powder Puff Derby of 1929 (New York: Sourcebooks, 2009), 78. 8 Thomas Tramble and Tramble Wilma. The Pullman Porters and West Oakland (New York: Arcadia Publishing, 2007), 24-57. 9Beth Bagwell, Oakland: The Story of a City (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1982), 48. 10Jeremy Haft, All the Tea in Chin a: How to Buy, Sell, and Make Money on the Mainland (New York: Penguin, 2007), 88.